Renal function testing is one of the core clinical biochemistry applications, second only to liver function testing. By measuring metabolite concentrations in blood or urine, it evaluates glomerular filtration function as well as tubular reabsorption and secretion function. The performance of high-quality renal function testing reagents heavily depends on the...

Liver function testing is one of the most fundamental and widely used applications in clinical biochemistry. By measuring enzyme activity, bilirubin, proteins, and other indicators in serum, it systematically evaluates the three core functions of the liver: hepatocellular integrity, biliary excretory function, and hepatic synthetic function. The performance of high-quality...

Near-Infrared II fluorescent dyes refer to fluorescent dyes with emission wavelengths in the 1000–1700 nm range. Compared to visible light (400–700 nm) and Near-Infrared I (700–900 nm), NIR-II imaging offers significant advantages in tissue penetration depth, spatial resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio, achieving centimeter-scale penetration depth and micrometer-scale resolution, making it...

Near-Infrared I fluorescent dyes refer to fluorescent dyes with emission wavelengths in the 700–900 nm range. Compared to visible light (400–700 nm), fluorescence imaging in this spectral range offers deeper tissue penetration depth and lower autofluorescence background, making it the most widely used near-infrared window for in vivo imaging. Several...

Lipid-soluble fluorescent dyes refer to fluorescent dyes that contain hydrophobic groups (such as long carbon chains, aromatic rings, and alkyl chains) in their molecular structure. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (e.g., DMSO, ethanol, chloroform) or capable of intercalating into the lipid bilayer of cell membranes....

Water-soluble fluorescent dyes refer to fluorescent dyes that incorporate hydrophilic groups such as sulfonate groups, carboxyl groups, quaternary ammonium salts, or polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains into their molecular structure, enabling direct dissolution in water, buffers, or cell culture media. In live imaging, these dyes are among the most widely used...