The Ullmann reaction uses copper metal to convert aryl halides to biaryl compounds. The mechanism is not yet fully understood, but there are two theories in consideration. The radical mechanism involves a single electron transfer (SET) to form aryl radicals that combine to produce the biaryl product. The second mechanism...

A benzyl protecting group is often used to protect alcohols in synthetic reactions. Benzyl groups are usually introduced via the Williamson SN2 reaction, requiring a benzyl halide, a base and a solvent such as DMF.    Lab Tips: Benzyl protection can also be achieved under non basic conditions (via the...

Carboxylic acids can be protected by conversion to a methyl ester using diazomethane. The diazomethane abstracts a proton to make a carboxylate, which undergoes an SN2 reaction with the methyldiazonium ion, releasing nitrogen gas to form the ester. The carboxylic acid is regenerated when hydroxide attacks the carbonyl to release...

In the field of materials chemistry, organic framework materials (OFMs) — a family of porous crystalline or polymeric materials — have gained remarkable attention for their structural tunability, large surface areas, and wide range of applications. These frameworks are typically composed of organic linkers and molecular nodes connected through coordination,...

Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as one of the most promising classes of porous materials for applications in gas storage, catalysis, environmental remediation, and energy systems. But behind every crystalline MOF structure lies a carefully designed synthesis process that determines the crystallinity, porosity and stability of the final material. Here we...

Metal Organic Frameworks commonly known as MOFs, are one of the most exciting classes of materials in modern chemistry and materials science. These highly porous crystalline structures, built from metal ions and organic linkers, have opened up new frontiers in gas storage, catalysis, drug delivery and energy materials.   Definition: The...