1.Introduction to Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment method that combines photosensitizing drugs with laser activation. It offers advantages such as minimal invasiveness, precise spatiotemporal control, low side effects, and a reduced likelihood of drug resistance. Traditional PDT relies on photoexciting a photosensitizer (PS) to transfer...

Comparison of N-CF₃ and N-CH₃ Compounds Compared to N-methyl (N-CH₃) substituted compounds, N-trifluoromethyl (N-CF₃) compounds exhibit higher lipophilicity, greater metabolic stability, and lower alkalinity. However, current methods for combining CF₃ with nitrogen are highly limited. As important building blocks for energetic materials and drug modifications, N-CF₃ secondary amines are prone...

Mitochondria: Essential Organelles for Eukaryotic Cells Mitochondria are fundamental organelles in eukaryotic cells. Positively charged dyes can selectively localize within mitochondria, making them widely used for labeling mitochondria in living cells and providing novel research methods for studying mitochondrial metabolic processes. IR-780 Ethyl Iodide: Precision Mitochondrial Targeting IR-780 ethyl iodide...

FM fluorescent dyes (including FM 1-43, FM 2-10, FM 5-95, FM 4-64, etc.) are a class of lipophilic styryl fluorescent probes with low cellular toxicity. They are widely used in live cell membrane imaging, plant cell membrane labeling, neuronal tracing, and vesicular transport research (e.g., endocytosis/exocytosis processes)  Core Characteristics: High Water Solubility and Membrane-Dependent...

Synthetic polypeptides (polyamino acids, poly-α-glutamic acid) have emerged as a class of biomedical materials widely applied in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, antimicrobial agents, and as alternatives to polyethylene glycol (PEG). Polypeptides are typically synthesized via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) monomers. However, their broader application...

The Unique Appeal of Gold Nanoclusters Gold nanoclusters have attracted widespread attention in fields such as catalysis, optics, and the exploration of structure–property relationships at the atomic level, due to their ultra‑small size, varied metal‑ligand interactions, and precisely defined atomic structures. Constructing gold nanoclusters with open sites has long been...