Sandmeyer Reaction A radical mechanism, catalytic for copper(I) salt has been proposed for the Sandmeyer reaction, which converts an aryldiazonium halide/salt to an aryl halide or an aryl pseudohalide. The required aryldiazonium halide is usually prepared from arylamines (via diazotization) using either NaNO2/hydrohalic acid or alkyl nitrites under anhydrous conditions....

The Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction uses a Lewis acid catalyst to attach an alkyl group to an electron-rich benzene ring or derivative. First, a carbocation electrophile is generated through Lewis acid-assisted ionization of an alkyl halide. The aromatic ring then attacks the carbocation, forming a carbon-carbon bond and a new carbocation...

Benzyl groups are often used to protect alcohols in multi-step synthetic reactions. To deprotect, the benzyl ether first undergoes oxidative addition to the Pd(0) catalyst, forming a Pd(II) complex. Hydrogen coordination and transfer then facilitates the release of the alcohol. Reductive elimination expels toluene and regenerates the palladium catalyst. Reagents:...

The separation of ionic and ionizable analytes can be effectively achieved using a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) technique called ion-pair chromatography (IPC).  Used on reversed phase columns which are more efficient than columns used in ion exchange chromatography, resulting in better resolution  Sharper peak shapes and highly reproducible results even...

Ion-pair reagents (IPR) are used in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) and has effectively separated ionic or ionizable analytes.  Successful applications of Ion-pair Reagents Single- and double- stranded RNA / biological or synthetic (2011) [1] Stationary Phase: Non-porous polymeric columns and monolithic polymeric capillary columns Ion-Pair Reagent: Various traditional or volatile amine cation salts Detector: Fluorescent-based...

A major challenge in the development of a chromatographic method is the rational selection of experimental conditions that can provide adequate resolution in a reasonable run time. To increase the retention of ionic and polar analytes with a reversed phase column, it is important to choose an oppositely charged ion-pair...